A list of possible externalities
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For a biological control project the following externalities could be considered:

reduced pesticide application following successful biological control could be accompanied by:

reduced health problems due to pesticides,
increased populations of beneficial organisms previously affected by pesticides in agricultural areas,
reduced effects of pesticide spray drift and residues in run-off into watercourses and conservation areas,
reduced risk of pesticide residues in produce,
possible appearance of other pests previously controlled by the pesticide;

improved livestock weight gain or crop production following improved control of the target pest;

reduced health complications caused by an allergy to the target pest;

preventing the income gap (social equity) between the rural and urban areas from increasing as rapidly by reducing operating costs in the rural areas;

improved understanding by farmers of the agro-ecosystem through the use of biological control techniques;

reduced competition between the pest and native flora and/or fauna.



David Adamson