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Characteristics of the substrate are particularly important for plants with roots embedded in the substrate. The substrate will affect the availability of nutrients and the ability of the roots to take up those nutrients. Characteristics which will have the greatest effect on plant growth are:
 | pH,
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| substrate temperature relative to water temperature,
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| substrate depth,
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| grade/size of particles,
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| substrate reactivity (chemical stability), and
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| oxygen reduction potential (O.R.P) (i.e. anaerobic versus aerobic). |
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Ludwigia species are emergent aquatic plants with
roots embedded in the substrate under the water
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